Culture
Review

The Interpreter

Christianity Today April 22, 2005

Last year, David L. Robb wrote a book called Operation Hollywood, in which he exposed how movie studios eager to borrow real military hardware for their explosive entertainments—not just from the Pentagon but from foreign armies, as well—will gladly make changes to their scripts in order to cast those nations and their fighting forces in a positive light. Naturally, when the army brass participate in the making of a film, they are looking at the film not as art but as a potential recruiting device, and the films made with their co-operation can safely be regarded as at least a mild form of propaganda.

Nicole Kidman as Silvia Broome
Nicole Kidman as Silvia Broome

As with the Pentagon, so with the United Nations. Although the UN building is over 50 years old, no film has ever been shot there before, despite requests from revered auteurs like Alfred Hitchcock. The powers that be have made an exception, however, for Sydney Pollack, whose first directorial effort in several years, The Interpreter, is now the first movie ever filmed in that building’s General Assembly Hall and various other hallowed places. And as we might expect, the film is loaded with messages, some less subtle than others.

This, no doubt, is what attracted the increasingly self-serious Sean Penn to the film. Penn can be a remarkably good actor, even if there is something monotonous in the way he goes from one depressingly maudlin role to another, but in recent years he seems to have lost all sense of proportion, whether he is slapping Chris Rock’s wrist at the Oscars for making good-natured jokes about Jude Law, or chastising reporters for offending against the very nature of art when they point out the parallels between Martin Scorsese’s Taxi Driver and Penn’s own The Assassination of Richard Nixon. So to see him slumming in what could otherwise have been another popcorn-pushing conspiracy thriller is something of a shock.

Sean Penn as Secret Service agent Tobin Keller
Sean Penn as Secret Service agent Tobin Keller

The dissonance is deepened further by the fact that Penn’s co-star is the glamorous Nicole Kidman, who has proved her arty, dramatic acting chops in films like Dogville and The Hours, but here seems to be in The Peacekeeper mode, dodging the odd threat to her life as she helps unravel an international mystery. Watching her, you think less about her performance than you do about the way her hair keeps waving around her face when she goes for a walk, or the way it hangs in front of her eyes, giving them a peekaboo sexiness that is just a little too fetching. You may even begin to feel sorry for the continuity people who had to ensure that her blonde locks fell across her forehead the exact same way every time they shot another take of something as simple as a conversation with Penn. And more than once, you may wonder what on earth these two people are doing in the same movie.

Ah well, at least the differences between these actors do make it easier to believe that their characters would be so naturally at odds with one another that they would have difficulty trusting and understanding each other. Kidman plays Silvia Broome, a French-English interpreter who also knows a rare African dialect spoken by the people of Matobo, a fictitious African country that appears to be based on Robert Mugabe’s Zimbabwe. As if to accentuate how special this film is for getting access to the UN, it begins with a sequence that underscores the building’s tight security; when a single metal detector goes on the fritz, everyone is told to evacuate immediately. Silvia leaves a bag behind, and comes back late in the evening to fetch her things. And whilst there, she overhears what sounds like a Matoban plot to kill the despotic leader of that country during his upcoming visit.

Tobin and Silvia on the case—well, sort of
Tobin and Silvia on the case—well, sort of

Enter Tobin Keller (Penn) and Dot Woods (Catherine Keener, whose sarcastic asides provide nice comic relief), two U.S. Secret Service agents who are assigned to protect the foreign dignitary when he arrives. (At one point Penn stands behind the Hall’s main podium in a shot that would have been ripe for spoofing in Team America: World Police if the latter film had not been made already.) Tobin distrusts Silvia from the beginning, and his suspicions are fuelled by a Matoban ambassador (Lou Ferguson) who sends him evidence that would appear to link Silvia to the rebels of that country; the fact that Silvia makes secret phone calls and sends urgent e-mails to mysterious friends also raises a few alarm bells.

Director Sydney Pollack and his crew had unprecedented access to the UN building
Director Sydney Pollack and his crew had unprecedented access to the UN building

The problem with all this sneaking around is that it is rarely ever all that suspenseful. After all the twists and turns we have come to expect from thrillers these days, The Interpreter is almost too linear, too straightforward. The film introduces new mysteries here and there, only to resolve them pretty much immediately. (Who was that guy wearing the mask in Silvia’s fire escape? Oh, never mind, he’s dead now.) The one genuinely interesting sequence—a nervously amusing bit where three agents tracking three different people all coincidentally end up on a bus together—will be diminished considerably for anyone who has already seen the film’s trailer, which gives away the climax to this part of the story.

It didn’t have to be this way. Pollack’s last bona fide hit was the tense nail-biter The Firm, starring Kidman’s then-husband Tom Cruise. But that was 12 years ago. Since then, the only other films he has directed are Random Hearts and Sabrina, both of which played no small part in turning Harrison Ford from a dramatic action hero into a numbing bore. In addition, The Interpreter is conflicted by its need to promote a message of international cooperation even as it delivers the blockbuster goods, whereby we in the audience get our emotional satisfaction from watching one person act outside the law. If we were charitable, we might say that the film’s climax captures the tension between justice and forgiveness; but given that the film is credited to no less than five writers, it’s more probable that the cooks behind this particular broth just couldn’t agree on what the point of it all is.

Talk About It

Discussion starters
  1. Silvia says “vengeance is a lazy form of grief,” and she describes a Matoban ritual in which someone who commits a murder is almost drowned, and the family of the victim has the option of rescuing him and bringing resolution to their grief or letting him drown and mourning forever. What do you think of this ritual? Is it justifiable to risk even a murderer’s life like that? What would you do, rescue the person or let him drown? Discuss these things in the context of typical western views of the death penalty—and whether or not that punishment brings “closure” to victims’ families.
  2. Does grief drive people apart or bring them together in this film? Is there any other way they could have come together, apart from sharing their grief?
  3. Do you believe it is healthier to mention the names of the dead or to avoid saying their names? Do we find healing from the past by ignoring it or acknowledging it? How important should it be to have other people acknowledge the past wrongs done to us?

The Family Corner

For parents to consider

The Interpreter is rated PG-13 for violence, some sexual content and brief strong language. The sexual content is limited to a scene in a strip club, which underscores how bored the Secret Service agents are to be guarding a foreign dignitary who wanted to go there. Adults are shot by children packing machine guns, a few other people are shot, civilians are killed in a terrorist attack, and a man is found dead after bleeding to death in a bathtub.

Photos © Copyright Universal Pictures

What Other Critics Are Saying

compiled by Jeffrey Overstreetfrom Film Forum, 04/28/05

Sydney Pollack has directed some memorable and impressive films (Tootsie, The Firm, Absence of Malice). And yet, moviegoers are still recovering from the disastrous Harrison Ford romance called Random Hearts. Pollack’s new film The Interpreter falls somewhere in between, but it’s closer to a “hit” than a “miss” amongst critics.

At the box office, it’s a bona fide smash, topping the charts last week, largely due to the drawing power of its stars, Nicole Kidman and Sean Penn. Moreover, the thriller has built some significant buzz due to its unusual backdrop—the U.N.

Peter T. Chattaway (Christianity Today Movies) says, “The film is loaded with messages, some less subtle than others. The Interpreter is conflicted by its need to promote a message of international cooperation even as it delivers the blockbuster goods. If we were charitable, we might say that the film’s climax captures the tension between justice and forgiveness; but given that the film is credited to no less than five writers, it’s more probable that the cooks behind this particular broth just couldn’t agree on what the point of it all is.”

In her review, Annabelle Robertson (Crosswalk) reveals that she has worked for the U.N. “I know what a ridiculously incompetent organization it is. That its internal security officers are portrayed as being even remotely competent, when the U.N.’s international peacekeeping troops aren’t allowed to fire their guns—even in the face of abject murder and mayhem—is laughable. And when country leaders who have committed mass genocide serve as heads of committees ‘investigating’ human rights violations—instead of being held accountable at The Hague for their crimes against humanity—it seems highly implausible that this organization is ever going to accomplish anything.”

Regarding the film, she says, “Pollack is an excellent director … [but] while this film is mostly enjoyable, it lacks the heart-pounding drama a thriller should have. The script works, but it also lacks credulity on a number of levels.”

Others were more impressed.

“Credibly written and superbly acted, The Interpreter is a taut thinking man’s thriller,” says Bob Smithouser (Plugged In). “Pollack has created a bustling head game that doesn’t resort to pointless detours or red herrings that seem illogical upon reflection. In the end, everything makes sense—not just from a logistical, connect-the-plot-dots perspective, but from a human one.”

Harry Forbes (Catholic News Service) writes, “If you can imagine The Man Who Knew Too Much, North by Northwest and The Manchurian Candidate rolled into one, you’ll have a fair idea of what awaits you in The Interpreter, though the film is several notches below those distinguished forebears. Though the pacing is not consistently edge-of-your-seat variety, you won’t be bored.”

Michael Elliott (Movie Parables) says, “If it were easy to make an intelligent movie thriller, the world would be filled with them instead of the mindless, explosive-happy, stunt-heavy action pictures of which we are all too familiar. We can be thankful for … Pollack who excels in the genre. The movie is … helped by the setting in which it was filmed.”

Mainstream critics are praising Pollack’s direction as the finest aspect of the film.

from Film Forum, 05/05/05

Kevin Miller (Relevant) says: “The Interpreter is that rare film that is not afraid to tackle adult topics in an adult manner. The fact that it does so within the confines of a highly commercial, political-thriller formula makes its achievement even more amazing and delightful. Part message-movie, part big-budget thriller, The Interpreter is … an excellent example of how even a highly commercial film can impact hearts and minds for good, even if all you are looking for is a good night’s entertainment.”

Andrew Coffin (World) writes, “It’s not that the film becomes especially didactic—it’s that it lazily takes its underlying assumptions for granted. How well Silvia and Tobin’s relationship and, really, the climax of the film resonates with viewers will depend largely on how closely they identify with Silvia’s faith in the idealized international community represented at the UN.” But he admires “some well-constructed action scenes” and “attractive cinematography.”

Copyright © 2005 Christianity Today. Click for reprint information.

Benefits Blues

Spiraling health costs squeeze Wal-Mart as they do every other large company.

Wal-Mart’s critics are often appalled by the company’s health insurance coverage, but the facts don’t always justify the rants directed against the company.

Detractors point out that Wal-Mart covers only 48 percent of its employees. But according to the Employee Benefit Research Institute, in the retail sector overall only 45 percent of workers receive health coverage from their own employer. Still, why do more than half of Wal-Mart’s employees opt out of the company’s health insurance?

For one thing, part-time workers who make up 25 percent of Wal-Mart’s workforce are not eligible until after two years. Then there is the cost. Wal-Mart pays 67 percent of the cost of health insurance for employees, about equal to the retail industry average of 68 percent for family coverage—but, for individual health insurance, far below the 77 percent that retailers contribute on average.

Many employees opt out because they are otherwise covered. The company says that two-thirds of its employees are second-income providers, college students, and senior citizens. Many of these have health insurance through their spouse’s employer, parent’s plan, or retirement and Medicare programs. Thus about 40 percent of the company’s workers are covered apart from Wal-Mart’s plan.

Hence the company asserts that close to 90 percent of its employees have health insurance by one means or another. Deductibles are $1,000 for a plan with a low premium, which does not include routine treatments such as flu shots and child vaccinations. Wal-Mart’s health insurance emphasizes protection for catastrophic health expenses such as cancer treatment.

Health-care premiums for U.S. employer plans increased 11.2 percent in 2004, the fourth consecutive year of double-digit increases. Wal-Mart’s coverage seems to reflect a company facing spiraling health-care costs for more than 1.5 million employees.

Copyright © 2005 Christianity Today. Click for reprint information.

Related Elsewhere:

Deliver Us from Wal-Mart? | Christians are among those sounding the alarm about the ethics of this retail giant. Are the worries justified?

Women Against Wal-Mart | Sex-discrimination charges constitute the largest-ever class action lawsuit against a private employer.

Wal-Mart offers statements on a host of issues, including some discussed in this article.

CT covered Christian bookstores that have suffered from a drop in business after Wal-Mart and other big retailers began carrying Christian books.

Forbes magazine covered Wal-Mart’s expansion into the Christian product business.

Christian Retailing quotes a Christian bookstore owner who says, “Wal-Mart is a canker out there that’s killing our market in this country. Until the suppliers realize that and start standing up to Wal-Mart and start protecting independent stores, we’re on a death trail.”

PBS’s Frontline ran a documentary last November about Wal-Mart. The full program is available for viewing online.

Ariah Fine is a student at Wheaton College and says in this Relevant article that shopping at Wal-Mart is wrong.

Baptist Press says a pastor was asked to stop passing out tracks at his local Wal-Mart.

Wal-Mart Facts is the public relations push the company is using to show it’s environment, community, and people-friendly.

The National Labor Committee has a page of articles about Wal-Mart’s labor abuses.

After some deliberation, Danny Duncan Collum writes in Sojourners Magazine, “Today I’m ready to join the ranks of all right-thinking people the world over in declaring Wal-Mart an outpost of hell on earth.”

More Christianity Today articles on Money & Business is available from our website.

Deliver Us from Wal-Mart?

Christians are among those sounding the alarm about the ethics of this retail giant. Are the worries justified?

The cavernous hallway outside Chicago City Council chambers is echoing with the sound of 150 people chanting, “We’re fed up, we won’t take it no mo’!”

The lady with the megaphone is leading a mix of union workers and community reform activists shouting slogans against the world’s largest retailer. One of the protesters, Ella Hereth of the advocacy group Jobs with Justice, tells CT that Wal-Mart is the “poster boy for corporate exploitation.”

She ticks off the complaints: low pay, scant benefits, race and sex discrimination, and profiting from mistreated workers in foreign “sweatshops.” Before the Chicago City Council votes to block one store but allow another, aldermen label Wal-Mart “the worst company in America” and an “evildoer.”

As it has grown into a powerhouse with sales of $256.3 billion—more than the sales of Microsoft and retail competitors Home Depot, Kroger, Target, and Costco combined—Wal-Mart has become a lightning rod nationwide in local tempests of moral outrage. Church leaders (primarily mainline, liberal, and Roman Catholic) have joined grassroots activists fearful that mindless global market factors will steamroll human dignity.

“Wal-Mart’s practices are immoral and unfair,” says Reginald Williams Jr., associate pastor for justice ministries at Trinity United Church of Christ in Chicago. Pastors at the 8,500-member Trinity United and eight other African American congregations in Chicago called for a boycott of Wal-Mart.

Such anger perplexes other Christians who think of Wal-Mart as a family-friendly place and a company founded on the biblical values of respect, service, and sacrifice. Founder Sam Walton’s autobiography indicates he taught Sunday school in his church, prayed with his children, and had a strong sense of calling to better people’s lives. With the Protestant values of respect for the individual, thrift, and hard work, Walton was eager to improve customers’ living standards through low prices.

“Is Wal-Mart a Christian company? No,” said former Wal-Mart executive Don Soderquist at a recent prayer breakfast. “But the basis of our decisions was the values of Scripture.”

Indeed, based in the Bible Belt town of Bentonville, Arkansas, Wal-Mart has a tradition of tailoring its service to churchgoing customers. It sells only the sanitized versions of hip-hop cds bearing warnings of objectionable content. Responding to a campaign by the largest evangelical mutual fund group, The Timothy Plan, to keep Cosmopolitan magazine covers out of view of Wal-Mart customers, the company slapped plastic sheathes over suggestive women’s periodicals and banned “lad mags” such as Maxim.

Wal-Mart knows its churchgoing, Middle America market. When Target Corp., a top competitor, refused to allow Salvation Army bell-ringers in front of its stores last Christmas, Bentonville seized the public-relations moment. Wal-Mart pledged to match the amount that Salvation Army bell-ringers collected at its stores.

In addition, according to Forbes magazine, Wal-Mart has become the largest retailer of Christian-themed merchandise, with well over $1 billion in sales of such items as VeggieTales videos and The Purpose-Driven Life books.

Some Christians may be thankful for the values behind the Wal-Mart phenomenon, but others are voicing some of the unprecedented hostility toward the company. A biblical look at the retailer’s labor issues may help Christians, among the one-third of Americans who visit Wal-Mart at least once a week, to discern whether they honor God in purchases and investments in the company.

Wages of Sin?

A common charge against Wal-Mart is that it doesn’t pay a “livable wage.”

Wal-Mart officials say the company’s full-time hourly workers average $9.68 an hour, with a new, inexperienced worker beginning at $7 to $8 per hour. Wal-Mart’s average hourly wage produces an annual income of $20,134.40, which is slightly more than the federal poverty level for a family of four ($19,350). Given that many “full-time” Wal-Mart employees work 34-hour weeks, though, the resulting average annual income of $17,114.24 falls well short of that standard for a family of four.

Are Wal-Mart wages sinfully low? Especially in the 19th century, Protestant and Catholic leaders made the theological case for livable worker wages. The industrial economy of the era was a human-rights disaster, prompting Calvinist theologian and politician Abraham Kuyper to follow Pope Leo XIII’s example and help spark Christian labor union movements.

In the 1891 Rerum Novarum, Leo XIII argued that just wages should be determined not by the market but by that which is required to sustain family life. Pope John Paul II echoed that position in his 1991 Centesimus Annus. As Kuyper put it, “God has not willed that one should drudge hard and yet have no bread for himself and his family.”

But does this mean that all jobs (flipping burgers, stocking shelves, etc.) should pay enough to support a family of four? Not necessarily. Theologians emerging in modern economies tend to emphasize merit as the primary grounds for pay, more amenable to market realities. In Biblical Principles and Business: The Foundations, Francis A. Schaeffer disciple Udo Middelmann notes that scriptural emphases on personal effort, contribution, and merit model the primary biblical bases for just pay.

Middelmann complains that “a world where choices do not have effects, and where different intellectual and material contributions lead to equal distribution of resulting wealth, is a world unknown to man.”

That is, God creates all humanity equal, and we strive to provide equal opportunity to all, but Scripture does not command equal outcomes. Though Methodist theologian J. Philip Wogaman believes that human need should ultimately determine income, he says in Economics and Ethics: A Christian Inquiry (Fortress Press, 1986) that “in some respects this is a naïve doctrine, since it does not face up to the problem of how an employer could pay different workers different wages for the same kind of work.”

Economist Thomas Sowell has shown that wages artificially elevated by government or unions lead to unemployment—to survive, employers simply make do with fewer workers. And theologians from liberal-leaning Miroslav Volf to the conservative Michael Novak agree that unemployment is among the gravest affronts to human dignity.

The devastating spiritual effect of unemployment is one reason the authors of Christian Ethics in the Workplace (Concordia Publishing House, 2001) argue that business owners have a moral responsibility to control expenses and to succeed. Raymond L. Hilgert, Philip H. Lochhaas, and James L. Truesdell (business professor, Lutheran minister, and businessman, respectively) add, however, that Christian ethics require employers to consider:

  • whether employees have options to work elsewhere (a “semblance of equal bargaining power”);
  • whether the wage is significantly below the market for similar jobs of similar skills;
  • whether the employer regards workers as human beings or as tools;
  • whether the employer offers the employee a sense of partnership in the enterprise;
  • whether the employer is treating the worker according to the Golden Rule.

Historically, service jobs have not been the basis for making a living. Fully two-thirds of Wal-Mart employees, according to the company, are senior citizens, college students, or second-income providers unlikely to rely on these jobs as their only means of sustenance.

Critics say Wal-Mart is so dominant that it drives down retail wages everywhere, but service sector jobs paid low wages long before the retailer’s ascent. “Front-line service sector employees have never made livable wages,” says Jim Hoopes, professor of business ethics at Babson College in Wellesley, Massachusetts, “or at least they have always been among the most poorly paid.” Hoopes is quick to point out that such jobs form an increasing share of the U.S. economy. But that trend is much larger than Wal-Mart.

Cheating Your Associates

Low wages are one thing, unpaid overtime another. In Malachi 3:5 the Lord rebukes “those who defraud laborers of their wages,” and those who have “failed to pay the workmen who mowed your fields” are denounced in James 5.

A federal jury found in 2002 that Wal-Mart had forced employees in its Oregon stores to work overtime without pay. Two years later, a jury found 83 of these workers were entitled to back pay. Wal-Mart’s Christi Gallagher says the Oregon verdict does not indicate widespread refusal to pay overtime, though lawsuits alleging just that are pending in at least 28 states.

“Since the plaintiffs recovered only 840 hours of the total alleged 72,000 hours,” Gallagher says of the Oregon verdict, “these alleged practices are clearly not systematic, not widespread, and are highly individualized.”

A class-action suit settled in 2000 accused Wal-Mart of cheating 69,000 Colorado employees of overtime pay. Wal-Mart reportedly paid $50 million to settle the case. Gallagher says that figure is “wildly inflated and inaccurate.” She declined, however, to reveal the settlement amount.

A class-action suit in Massachusetts filed on behalf of 55,000 Wal-Mart employees, according to the Boston Herald, cites a computer expert alleging to have found 7,000 cases of Wal-Mart managers deleting large blocks of time from their employee payroll records. Wal-Mart officials deny the charges.

The Oregon lawsuit charged that some supervisors locked employees in after closing to force the overtime work. Wal-Mart’s Gallagher declined to comment on this charge.

Wal-Mart policies forbid such “off-the-clock” practices. But David Batstone notes in Saving the Corporate Soul & (Who Knows?) Maybe Your Own (Jossey-Bass, 2003) that store managers come under such heavy pressure from Bentonville to avoid paying overtime that they see no option but to demand off-the-clock labor.

“A senior Wal-Mart payroll executive revealed under court deposition that every store has to send corporate headquarters a daily report noting whether the store had exceeded its payroll limit,” Batstone writes. “Store managers who fail to minimize overtime pay can be reprimanded or fired.”

Sticky Sweatshop Issues

The issue of “defrauding laborers” extends beyond U.S. borders. Shareholders and socially screened investment funds have long protested that the company relies on foreign factories routinely violating their countries’ labor laws—”sweatshops” that employ underage workers, pay below minimum wage, or force employees to work beyond legal hours.

Sweatshop does not accurately describe many developing country factories, and activist shareholders avoid the term, especially since factory jobs are the lifeblood of the poor. Often the workers’ only alternatives are unemployment or prostitution. Still, ever since Wal-Mart was embarrassed on the December 22, 1992, broadcast of Dateline NBC showing children as young as 9 years old making its private-label shirts at a factory in Saraka, Bangladesh, the issue has surfaced periodically.

Most recently, the National Labor Committee (NLC) reported in February 2004 that workers making plastic toys for Wal-Mart in Chang Ping township in Guangdong province, China, were paid less than the legal minimum and worked longer hours than local labor laws allowed. Employees worked for up to 20 hours a day, sometimes 7 days a week, for an average of 16.5 cents per hour; the legal minimum is 31 cents an hour.

Shareholders in Wal-Mart such as the United Methodist Church, whose pension fund invests in the company, have successfully pressured the company to set standards for such factories—Wal-Mart’s “vendor code of conduct.” Enforcing that code is another matter. The NLC reported that Chinese factory managers trained and paid workers to “correctly” answer questions they knew Wal-Mart inspectors would ask—and that inspectors played along, fully aware that the employees were lying about conditions.

Wal-Mart officials responded that the company has veteran inspectors who adhere to established standards, and that if such practices did occur they would violate its vendor code of conduct. Wal-Mart spokesman William Wertz declined to comment to CT about whether the company has investigated NLC concerns over the Chang Ping factory.

Vidette Bullock Mixon, director of corporate relations and social concern for the United Methodist Church’s pension fund, has urged Wal-Mart for several years to better monitor conditions of its foreign suppliers. “I think they’re finding some things, and the factories are agreeing that they will fix them,” she says. “And it appears they’re fixed for the moment, but then they go back to their habits of doing things that are not consistent with the code of conduct.”

Shareholder and other groups have long pressured Wal-Mart to use independent inspectors to monitor its foreign factories. Charles Kernaghan of the NLC says only about half of the inspectors of Wal-Mart’s suppliers in Guangdong province are independent—but they are for-profit auditors based in developed countries paid by the factories themselves.

Shareholder groups encourage Wal-Mart to use human-rights organizations or other nongovernmental organizations to monitor conditions. Nike, for example, relies not only on its own monitors but on inspectors from the Fair Labor Association.

Wal-Mart’s policy is to work with managers of foreign factories violating its code of conduct, giving them a period of weeks to achieve compliance. If the supplier makes no progress, Wal-Mart withdraws its business. According to a report by the China-based worker-rights organization China Labor Watch, Wal-Mart has ended contracts with hundreds of Chinese suppliers because of excessive work hours. It also has blacklisted at least 72 factories for employing child labor.

Improving conditions in Chinese factories is especially urgent as the United States began phasing out quotas for Chinese textile imports in January, Kernaghan says. That is expected to lead to a dramatic increase in multinational companies relying on goods produced in China, where labor laws are essentially meaningless.

In the end, Kernaghan says “transparency”—disclosure of the locations of Wal-Mart’s factories so journalists and others can verify company reports—is even more important than independent monitors. Most companies refuse to divulge the locations of foreign suppliers. Wal-Mart officials say they will not do so for competitive reasons. Kernaghan scoffs at this, saying competitors already know about each other’s foreign suppliers, as several retailers often have their labels produced in the same factories.

Counting the Cost

Discerning Christians with varying social/theological priorities will differ on whether to open their wallets to Wal-Mart. Its impact on local communities and on the environment, as well its treatment of minorities and women, also must be examined. But even with this initial look at labor issues, what conclusions can we draw?

Because of Wal-Mart’s low wages, critics accuse executives of “hoarding” wealth, the same charge leveled at unjust employers in James 5:3. But it would be hard to make this charge stick against Wal-Mart, whose gross profit margin (profit as a percentage of total revenues) of 22.5 percent equals the discount retail industry average. And Wal-Mart has long offered profit sharing and discounted stock purchase plans to employees.

Thus the savings from low wages and various cost-cutting innovations are not stockpiled for exorbitant profits or fat executive salaries. They are passed on to consumers in reduced prices (Walton’s gospel). The Walton heirs occupying places four through eight on Forbes‘s list of richest people did not attain their fortunes from drawing salaries at Wal-Mart.

As for a livable wage, it’s hard to show that markets, governments, or Christian ethics obligate businesses to pay shelf stockers enough to support a family of four. If this be evil, then it is the free market that is evil. Wal-Mart is merely the touchstone for the unwelcome macro-trend of low-paying service jobs replacing manufacturing work. As the ranks of the working poor swell, though, we do well to contemplate our complicity in the global drive toward offering—and getting—the lowest prices.

In the matter of unpaid overtime, many lawsuits are still pending and it is premature to make sweeping assertions. Still, the number of lawsuits in process suggests that Wal-Mart is struggling to follow its own policies against off-the-clock work.

Finally, the company shares responsibility with the foreign factories that supply it with dirt-cheap goods, especially since Wal-Mart routinely threatens to withdraw orders unless factories find cheaper ways to produce them. This too is a global practice involving many companies besides Wal-Mart. Wal-Mart has taken steps to improve monitoring of such abuses and has distanced itself from violators, but activists would like to see greater efforts to bring factories into compliance rather than pulling orders—which can leave hundreds of poor workers unemployed.

Sam Walton, apart from his philanthropy, had a habit of ignoring matters that didn’t contribute directly to the bottom line. Wal-Mart executives have begun to see that the old ways will no longer do. There are signs that Wal-Mart is beginning to listen to criticisms, but the one thing it hears above all else is the soft rustle of wallets opening—or, even louder, the absence of them from their stores.

Jeff M. Sellers is a CT associate editor.

Copyright © 2005 Christianity Today. Click for reprint information.

Related Elsewhere:


Benefits Blues | Spiraling health costs squeeze Wal-Mart as they do every other large company.

Women Against Wal-Mart | Sex-discrimination charges constitute the largest-ever class action lawsuit against a private employer.

Wal-Mart offers statements on a host of issues, including some discussed in this article.

CT covered Christian bookstores that have suffered from a drop in business after Wal-Mart and other big retailers began carrying Christian books.

Forbes magazine covered Wal-Mart’s expansion into the Christian product business.

Christian Retailing quotes a Christian bookstore owner who says, “Wal-Mart is a canker out there that’s killing our market in this country. Until the suppliers realize that and start standing up to Wal-Mart and start protecting independent stores, we’re on a death trail.”

PBS’s Frontline ran a documentary last November about Wal-Mart. The full program is available for viewing online.

Ariah Fine is a student at Wheaton College and says in this Relevant article that shopping at Wal-Mart is wrong.

Baptist Press says a pastor was asked to stop passing out tracks at his local Wal-Mart.

Wal-Mart Facts is the public relations push the company is using to show it’s environment, community, and people-friendly.

The National Labor Committee has a page of articles about Wal-Mart’s labor abuses.

After some deliberation, Danny Duncan Collum writes in Sojourners Magazine, “Today I’m ready to join the ranks of all right-thinking people the world over in declaring Wal-Mart an outpost of hell on earth.”

More Christianity Today articles on Money & Business is available from our website.

Women Against Wal-Mart

Sex-discrimination charges constitute the largest-ever class action lawsuit against a private employer.

Christianity Today April 22, 2005

The Catholic Catechism sums up an ethical imperative that all Christians can agree with: “Access to employment and to professions must be open to all without unjust discrimination: men and women, healthy and disabled, natives and immigrants.”

Among the labor-related legal actions against Wal-Mart is a class-action racial discrimination lawsuit, but the case most occupying Wal-Mart’s legal teams accuses the retailer of systematic sex discrimination. Four of the six named plaintiffs are evangelical women.

The lead plaintiff, Betty Dukes, an ordained minister who until recently served in a Northern Baptist church, claims Wal-Mart denied her training and promotion opportunities that it offered to men. The 54-year-old Dukes told ct she decided to challenge Wal-Mart for the same reason she once led a campaign to persuade a gas station convenience store to put covers over pornographic magazines: As a gospel preacher, she feels compelled to stand up against injustice.

“When I felt unfairly treated, my religious belief allowed me to deal with the situation and not lose my perspective—not become belligerent,” Dukes says. “Because of my religious upbringing and training, I disciplined myself to know that in a course of due time, you can work out many things to your advantage.”

Dukes’s role as an associate minister at St. Mark Baptist Church in Pittsburgh, California, was unpaid (she recently left over a leadership election dispute), and she worked as a cashier at Wal-Mart until carpal tunnel syndrome forced her into her current job as a greeter. Speaking by telephone on her lunch break, she said that in the 1990s she felt she had a right to realize her potential.

“I saw myself as trainable, but I saw myself not getting the training,” she said. “I would go home after work, and sometimes I would be wounded, sometimes I would be angry. I would read the Scriptures, I would encourage myself—I didn’t want to come in so full of anger and bitterness and go off on my supervisor and lose my job.”

The plaintiffs in Betty Dukes v. Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. base their case on anecdotes and statistics, claiming that only 14 percent of the top managers at Wal-Mart’s U.S. stores are female. About two-thirds of its hourly employees are women, while women make up only a little more than a third of all its salaried managers. More than 100 women in 30 states have provided declarations. In June 2004 a federal judge in San Francisco ruled there was enough evidence to grant class-action status. The lawsuit was filed on behalf of 1.6 million current and former female employees.

The lawsuit claims that the average proportion of women in managerial positions at the 20 largest U.S. retailers is about 20 percent higher than at Wal-Mart. It also asserts that the 5 percent to 15 percent additional pay that men make in the same jobs that women hold at Wal-Mart is unrelated to seniority or performance reviews.

Wal-Mart “strongly denies” the sex-discrimination charges and has appealed the class-action certification. The company asserts that most of its employment decisions are made on the store level and thus do not show a pattern of corporate discrimination. Wal-Mart has filed statistics attempting to show that women are paid fairly and that they are less apt than males to apply for promotions.

At the same time, the company has taken measures to improve in this area, says Wal-Mart vice president of communications Mona Williams.

“We have specific programs in place,” she said, “to make sure we have a talent pool of women and minorities who are well prepared to step into these jobs, including our Women in Leadership program, which helps prepare female associates for more professional responsibility.”

Wal-Mart also recently created a director of diversity post. At last year’s annual meeting, Wal-Mart ceo Lee Scott announced executives would forfeit a percentage of their bonuses—7.5 percent in 2004 and 15 percent in 2005—if they failed to meet specific employment diversity goals.

Those goals include promoting women and minorities in proportion to the number that apply for management positions. “If 50 percent of the people applying for the job of store manager are women,” Scott told shareholders and employees, “we will work to make sure that 50 percent of the people receiving those jobs are women.”

Wal-Mart’s Williams, dismissing the sex-discrimination allegations against Wal-Mart as yet another example of the human tendency to “take shots at you if you are on the top,” told ct the company’s culture of improvement requires it to continually review its employment practices.

“Part of that, of course, is being honest with yourself—fixing mistakes when you make them—and moving on,” she says. “Wal-Mart will emerge from all this a better company.”

Copyright © 2005 Christianity Today. Click for reprint information.

Related Elsewhere:

Deliver Us from Wal-Mart? | Christians are among those sounding the alarm about the ethics of this retail giant. Are the worries justified?


Benefits Blues | Spiraling health costs squeeze Wal-Mart as they do every other large company.

Wal-Mart offers statements on a host of issues, including some discussed in this article.

CT covered Christian bookstores that have suffered from a drop in business after Wal-Mart and other big retailers began carrying Christian books.

Forbes magazine covered Wal-Mart’s expansion into the Christian product business.

Christian Retailing quotes a Christian bookstore owner who says, “Wal-Mart is a canker out there that’s killing our market in this country. Until the suppliers realize that and start standing up to Wal-Mart and start protecting independent stores, we’re on a death trail.”

PBS’s Frontline ran a documentary last November about Wal-Mart. The full program is available for viewing online.

Ariah Fine is a student at Wheaton College and says in this Relevant article that shopping at Wal-Mart is wrong.

Baptist Press says a pastor was asked to stop passing out tracks at his local Wal-Mart.

Wal-Mart Facts is the public relations push the company is using to show it’s environment, community, and people-friendly.

The National Labor Committee has a page of articles about Wal-Mart’s labor abuses.

After some deliberation, Danny Duncan Collum writes in Sojourners Magazine, “Today I’m ready to join the ranks of all right-thinking people the world over in declaring Wal-Mart an outpost of hell on earth.”

More Christianity Today articles on Money & Business is available from our website.

Culture

Desert Island Discs

We asked readers to compile their top 10 lists of DVDs they just couldn’t do without—especially if they were stranded on an island in the middle of nowhere. Cast Away, anyone?

Christianity Today April 21, 2005

Recently, we asked readers to submit their lists of Desert Island Discs—the ten DVDs they’d want with them if they were stranded on a remote island. See, it’s a very nice island, complete with a DVD player and a 60-inch plasma screen. Why talk incoherently to a volleyball named “Wilson” when you can watch your favorite flicks over and over and over again?

The LOTR trilogy was byfar the top choice
The LOTR trilogy was byfar the top choice

We received lots of replies, and we’re reprinting all of the lists right here (with the exception of a few who submitted way more than 10, or who didn’t play by the rules, or whatever.) Many readers picked The Lord of the Rings trilogy (extended edition), even though it meant giving up three of the 10 spots on their list, and a number picked the original Star Wars trilogy. Many picked The Princess Bride. More than a few chose Groundhog Day. And only three picked The Passion of The Christ, presumably because it’s not a film you’d wanted to watch repeatedly.

I especially enjoyed the lists crafted not just of favorite movies, but with the theme—stranded on an island—in mind. Still, to that end, only three readers included Cast Away on their lists.

W. David Winner, for example, said he’d start with The Lord of the Rings trilogy because “adventures on the island would parallel life in Middle Earth.” His list also included the original Star Wars trilogy (“I could practice The Force with coconuts and bamboo”), George of the Jungle (“to make me laugh, and to teach the animals how to be like Ape”), The Outlaw Josey Wales (“a great western to pass the time”), The Shawshank Redemption (“a great film about perseverance and what a little hammer can do to a big wall”), and Finding Nemo (“so I can learn to talk to all the fishes and practice my whale”).

Nicholas Kleszczewki's list included some really practical choices
Nicholas Kleszczewki’s list included some really practical choices

Nicholas Kleszczewski’s list really got me chuckling for its sheer practicality; he even hyperlinked the most useful films for us: Advanced Heavy Weather Boat Handling Training, The Black Stallion, The Blue Lagoon, Boat Maintenance for Power & Sailboats, Cast Away, Back to the Basics of Boating: Boating Basics for New Boat Owners & Experienced Skippers, The Last Flight of Noah’s Ark, Rescue From Gilligan’s Island, Robinson Crusoe, and Six Days, Seven Nights.

Doug Floyd’s top pick was Raiders of the Lost Ark because, among other reasons, “it might inspire me to search for treasures on the island.” The rest of his list includes Andrei Rublev (“watching this film made me feel close to God”), Mr. Smith Goes to Washington, Can’t Take It With You (“as a magical escape in the middle of nowhere”) the LOTR trilogy, La Strada (“a stunning portrayal of human pain and longing for redemption; this might help remind me of my humanity”), Cinema Paridiso (to “keep the wonder alive”), Ordet (“to keep my faith alive”), Hoosiers, Ponette (“to stay surrounded by the beauty and innocence of childhood”), and Blue (“all three Colors movies; Kieslowski would remind me of what remains: faith, hope and love”).

Bill Whaley’s list started with the original Flight of the Phoenix starring Jimmy Stewart, saying, “If they can patch up a broken C-119 and escape, maybe I can do something, like tie bamboo poles together or hollow out a canoe.” He continues with Apollo 13 (“the positive, can-do spirit that NASA exhibited . . . is what I need to keep my spirits up—and find a way off”), The Love Bug (“if I can’t have my wife with me, Michelle Lee will do”), Driving Miss Daisy (“maybe I’ll find a ‘Friday’ who has the wisdom of Morgan Freeman”), Independence Day (“two words: Will Smith. If he’s anywhere around, we all have a chance”), Twister (“at least the island isn’t prone to F-5 tornadoes!”), The Ladykillers (“love those moralistic plays”), O Brother Where Art Thou (“more Cohen brothers”), The Breakfast Club (“they got out of a stir, right?”), and Signs (“Mel Gibson’s faith gets restored in the end. And, maybe I can hijack one of their spacecrafts. Or maybe not.”).

Greg Stump rightly notes that the key to his choices were “a film’s ability to sustain repeated viewings,” and adds that he wants movies “with the ability to find the beautiful, humorous, authentic, and creative in the world God has given us.” With those criteria, he chose Bottle Rocket; Wings of Desire; Ponette; Amelie; Groundhog Day; Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind; Raising Arizona; Moulin Rouge; Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon; and The Office (season one).

Paul Serras says this movie will keep things in perspective
Paul Serras says this movie will keep things in perspective

Paulo Serras started his list with Dumb and Dumber “to forget about the mess I’m in and to have a great laugh, because there are always people who are dumber than you.” He continues with The Gospel of John (“I probably forgot to take a Bible, so this movie provides me literally with the Message”), The Terminal (“teaches me to be creative”), The English Patient (“to create ambience at sunset”), Star Wars (“to learn how to be a hero when everything seems lost”), Titanic (“to remind me what could have happened if I had not found this desert island”), Jurassic Park (“to confront me with my fears”), Casablanca (“to relax and dream well after Jurassic Park“), One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest (“to train yourself not to go crazy on the island”), and Spider-Man (“I too can be a hero”).

And then there was reader Mike Crowl who, rather than submit his own list, opted to question mine, saying he wanted to express his “surprise” at some of my choices: “While I agree you should have a Hitchcock, I think the humor of The Trouble with Harry is more likely to sustain you for your long sojourn than Rear Window, [which is] quite a slow piece, especially when the suspense is pretty much removed by knowing how it ends. The Trouble with Harry isn’t so much a suspense piece as a character one, which gives it more longstanding interest.” He questions my choice of The Sound of Music over Seven Brides for Seven Brothers, saying, “Could you really stand those nauseating children when you have the choice of Russ Tamblyn and the other brothers? Pul-lease!” And finally, Crowl asks, “Where is The Court Jester? Danny Kaye’s best film ever, full of great songs, nifty sword-play, absurd rhymes, the funniest jousting ever filmed, and Glynis Johns.”

To which I say, Hey, it’s my list, and I don’t want Danny Kaye OR Glynis Johns on my island. I’d much rather talk to a volleyball. Wilson!!

On that note, here are the other lists we received:

Chinyere Aja:The Passion of The Christ, Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom, The Sound of Music, Drunken Master, The Lord of the Rings trilogy, Star Wars, The Lion King, Die Hard, The Ring, The Gods Must Be Crazy.

Abby Alden-Glick:Pirates of the Caribbean, Secondhand Lions, Finding Nemo, Home Alone, Shrek,  Shanghai Noon, Shanghai Knights, My Favorite Martian, Honey I Shrunk the Kids, Dream Team.

V. Arredondo:Hannah and Her Sisters, Enchanted April, O Brother Where Art Thou?, The Princess Bride, Rear Window, Like Water for Chocolate, Singin’ in The Rain, The Night of the Hunter, Beauty and The Beast, The Incredibles.

Philip Chin:The Man in the Moon, My Girl, La Double Vie de Veronique, The Secret Garden, Elvira Madigan, Animal House, Mitt Liv Som Hund (My Life As A Dog), Show Me Love, Project A Part 2, Grease.

Raquel Cummins starts her list with Raiders
Raquel Cummins starts her list with Raiders

Raquel Cummins:Raiders of the Lost Ark, Ray, Corrina Corrina, Bill and Ted’s Excellent Adventure, The Five Heartbeats, Babe, The Fugitive, Witness for the Prosecution, The Little Mermaid, Son of Paleface.

Nathan Dickey:The Passion of The Christ, The Lord of the Rings trilogy, Braveheart, Gladiator, Cast Away, Flight of the Phoenix, Black Hawk Down, The Patriot.

Christine Eustaquio: The Lord of the Rings trilogy, The Phantom of the Opera, I Capture the Castle, Two for the Road, Breakfast at Tiffany’s, Remains of the Day, Fiddler on the Roof, The English Patient, An Affair to Remember, The Horse Whisperer.

Ken Greenwood:The Big Country, Ben Hur, No Time for Sergeants, The Quiet Man, the original Star Wars trilogy, The Lord of the Rings trilogy.

Mark Jackson: The Lord of the Rings trilogy, The Princess Bride, Singin’ In The Rain, Raising Arizona, Still Breathing, Toy Story, Toy Story 2, Sabrina (1995).

Christian Jahnsen's list starts with this hilarious old caper
Christian Jahnsen’s list starts with this hilarious old caper

Christian Jahnsen:Bringing Up Baby, North by Northwest, Apollo 13, Raiders of the Lost Ark, Who Done It?, Remember the Titans, Star Wars IV: A New Hope, You’ve Got Mail, Gladiator, Mary Poppins.

Sharyn Kopf:Sense & Sensibility, Emma, Pirates of the Caribbean, Notorious, Spiderman 1 & 2, Holiday, Galaxy Quest, Disney’s The Hunchback of Notre Dame, Meet Me in St. Louis.

Justin Kramer:Garden State, Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind, Sideways, original Star Wars trilogy, The Matrix trilogy, The O.C. Complete First Season.

Jeremy Landes: My wedding’s DVD, Hamlet, The Indian Runner, Rushmore, The Lord of the Rings trilogy, The New World, Fearless, The Pianist.

Russell Lucas:Ordet, The Decalogue, Rushmore, Night of the Hunter, The Passion of Joan of Arc, Freaks, The Son, Au Hasard Balthazar, Kill Bill volumes 1 and 2.

Greg Marquez: The Lord of the Rings trilogy; Unbreakable; Planes, Trains and Automobiles; Groundhog Day; Tombstone; Grand Canyon; Lonesome Dove; O Brother Where Art Thou?

Charles Neve:The American President, Groundhog Day, Independence Day, E.T., Pay It Forward, Simon Birch, Forest Gump, It’s a Wonderful Life, Roxanne, Ben Hur.

Gary Niemczak wants this Spielberg classic on the island
Gary Niemczak wants this Spielberg classic on the island

Gary Niemczak:Schindler’s List, Last of The Mohicans, Dances With Wolves, Spartacus, Braveheart, Hoosiers, Remember The Titans, Murder by Decree, My Fair Lady, Take the Money and Run.

Veronica Panella: The Lord of the Rings trilogy, The Count of Monte Cristo, Troy, Jesus of Nazareth, Camelot, Big Fish, Master and Commander, The Return of the Jedi.

Karen Paulson:The Scarlet Pimpernel, The Princess Bride, Hollywood Homicide, The Usual Suspects, Braveheart, The Story of the Weeping Camel, A Christmas Story, The American President, 12 Angry Men, Memento.

Beth Rambo & Jim Pence: The Lord of the Rings trilogy, Places in the Heart, Moulin Rouge, The Gospel of John, Joe vs. the Volcano, The African Queen, Casablanca, Kind Hearts and Coronets, Raising Arizona, Singin’ in the Rain.

Josh Perryman: The Lord of the Rings trilogy, The Philadelphia Story, Casablanca, The Princess Bride, Moulin Rouge, L.A. Story, The Scent of a Woman, Groundhog Day.

David Phelps: The Lord of the Rings trilogy, X-Men 1 & 2, Singin’ in the Rain, The Princess Bride, Ordinary People, The Mission, Scrooged.

George Price: The Lord of the Rings trilogy, Raiders of the Lost Ark, To End All Wars, Hoosiers, South Pacific, It’s a Mad, Mad, Mad, Mad World, My Big Fat Greek Wedding, Rear Window, Sabrina (with Audrey Hepburn), Patton.

James Allan Ragsdale:Airplane!, Blade Runner, A Christmas Story, Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind, The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring, Space Hunter: Adventures in the Forbidden Zone, original Star Wars trilogy, The Third Man, The World of Henry Orient, You’ve Got Mail.

Janine Ryan:Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade, It Happened One Night, It’s a Wonderful Life, Galaxy Quest, Finding Nemo, The Sound of Music, Beaches, Arsenic and Old Lace, Lord of the Rings: Return of the King, Rope.

Steve Schofield:It’s a Wonderful Life, original Star Wars trilogy, The Mission, The Godfather, The Seven Samurai, The Seventh Seal, Cool Hand Luke, The Third Man, The Last Waltz, anything by Hitchcock.

Maryann Shaw had this at the top of her list
Maryann Shaw had this at the top of her list

Maryann Shaw:Cast Away; Singin’ in the Rain; Pride and Prejudice; Rattle and Hum; The Beatles Anthology; The Great Escape; Ben Hur; Monty Python and the Holy Grail; The Lion, the Witch, and the Wardrobe (coming in December); The Man From Snowy River.

Cindy Stutting:An Affair to Remember, Contact, The Neverending Story, Fate is the Hunter, Somewhere in Time, Yentl, Harry Potter trilogy.

Patty Wachter: The Lord of the Rings trilogy, Field of Dreams, Out of Africa, Princess Bride, Toy Story, The Bad Seed, The Ten Commandments, Grease!

Susan Wasson:Anne of Green Gables, Anne of Avonlea, Pride and Prejudice, Horatio Hornblower: The Duel, Horatio Hornblower: The Fire Ships, Master and Commander, The Inn of the Sixth Happiness, All Creatures Great and Small, The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring, Island on Bird Street.

Karen Willingham:The Quiet Man, Gladiator, Last of the Mohicans, Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory, Mr. Deeds Goes to Town, Aliens, Raise the Red Lantern, Life is Beautiful, The Royal Tennenbaums, The Princess Bride.

Copyright © 2005 Christianity Today. Click for reprint information.

Theology

Anselm, Pope Benedict XVI, and Us

Why the medieval theologian is as contemporary as ever—and a blessing to evangelicals.

Christianity Today April 21, 2005

Today, Catholic and Anglican churches fondly remember Anselm of Canterbury, who is said to have died on April 21 in 1109. But evangelicals are wise to remember him this day, as well.

For those who can harken back to their intro to philosophy class, they will remember Anselm for his mind-boggling proof for the existence of God—(1) God with the property of existence is greater than a God lacking the property of existence. Therefore, (2) because God is that which nothing greater can be conceived, God must possess existence. Though criticized as a mere word game by some philosophers, others have defended it vigorously, the most famous “recent” defense being that of Karl Barth’s 1921 Fides Quaruns Intellectum.

Evangelicals are deeply in debt to Anselm for something else—though most are unaware of it. It was Anselm who clearly articulated in theological terms the biblical doctrine of the Atonement known as the satisfaction theory: Man’s sin against God demands a payment or satisfaction. Fallen man is incapable of making adequate satisfaction, and so God took on human nature in Christ so that a perfect man might make perfect satisfaction and so restore the human race.

Though this is only one of three major theories of atonement alluded to in the New Testament (ransom and exemplary would be the other two), this theory has become the fundamental or, among some evangelicals—who refer to it as “substitutionary atonement”— the only theory worth bothering about. It is certainly the root theology behind most evangelical preaching about the Cross—thanks to Anselm.

But events of the last few days—with the ascendancy of Benedict XVI to the papacy—bring Anselm to mind as well. Another legacy of this brilliant medieval theologian was his able defense of the filioque, that little phrase in the Nicene Creed that has had such enormous consequences.

The phrase “and the Son” was not in the original Nicene Creed, affirmed officially at the Council of Constantinople in 381. The original read simply that the Holy Spirit “proceeded from the Father.” Within a few centuries, Western theologians began inserting the phrase “and the son” (filioque is Latin for “son”) into the Creed at this point to battle a theological heresy too complex to go into here.

Since the Creed was considered a formulation of the whole church, agreed together by ecumenical council, the Eastern church was furious with the West’s unilateral change to the Creed. They had theological concerns as well—again too complex for this short piece. At any event, this little phrase became one significant cause for the Great Schism of 1054, the first great break in Christendom.

Enter Anselm, who is also known for his able defense of the filioque at the Council of Bari in 1098, which only hardened the Catholic’s church commitment to the phrase—making reconciliation with Orthodox even more difficult. That unfortunately legacy has lasted 900 years.

Now enter Pope Benedict XVI, formerly known as Joseph Cardinal Ratzinger. It was Ratzinger who crafted one of his most controversial documents of John Paul II’s pontificate, Dominus Iesus (2000). It has been criticized by Orthodox and Protestants as setting back the cause of ecumenism because of its supposedly intractable belief in the supremacy of Roman Catholicism.

But a little-recognized phrase—or the lack thereof—in the document reveals a subtext that drove both Pope John Paul II and now seems to be driving Benedict XVI. Dominus Iesus begins with a restatement of the “fundamental contents of the profession of the Christian faith.” Then follows a restatement of the Nicene Creed.

Without the filioque.

The supposedly dogmatic, narrow-minded, intractable Ratzinger (at least according to many a press report) has in some sense already waved the white flag in this battleground between Orthodox and Catholics. When in his first speech as Benedict XVI he said, “The current Successor assumes as his primary commitment that of working tirelessly towards the reconstitution of the full and visible unity of all Christ’s followers,” he seems to be reiterating something he’s already been working on.

He continued, “This is his ambition, this is his compelling duty. He is aware that to do so, expressions of good feelings are not enough. Concrete gestures are required to penetrate souls and move consciences, encouraging everyone to that interior conversion which is the basis for all progress on the road of ecumenism.”

Relenting on the filioque in a document like this is not a definitive move of Roman Catholicism, and there is still much that separates Orthodoxy and Roman Catholicism. But the 1,000-year dispute about the filioque no longer seems to be at the center of the division.

Thus, Benedict XVI may be more ecumenical than his critics let on, which will likely bode well also for his relations to evangelicals.

Anselm may be turning over in his grave about the filioque, but he surely is happy with the evangelical insistence on substitutionary atonement. As they say, win some, lose some.

Happy Anselm day.

Mark Galli is managing editor of Christianity Today

Copyright © 2005 Christianity Today. Click for reprint information.

Church Life

Burning Out the Faithful

Druze attack Christians in ‘pogrom.’

After hundreds of Druze rampaged for three days, looting and burning Christians’ cars, homes, and businesses throughout the town of Mughar, Arab Christians believe they face a stark choice: Rebuild or pull out from their hillside community of 20,000 in northern Israel.

Dozens of Israeli police now guard Mughar’s Christian quarter. Residents have cleared away much of the damage following the anti-Christian riots that started on February 10. But the scars remain. Broken windows mar the town’s only Christian church. Patches of melted asphalt mark where Christians’ cars had been torched. Fire-gutted homes and shops are everywhere. Iron supports in doorways hold up a block-long charred building in danger of collapse. The building contained several Christian shops, including the town’s largest clothing store. Tense calm prevails.

Soon after the attacks, Druze leaders met with Christians from Mughar and surrounding towns to restore peace. Political and religious tensions between some Druze and Christians had diminished in recent years. But Kamal Ghanem, a local Druze, told the Jewish Telegraphic Agency, “For 50 years we have nurtured our relations, and it was all destroyed in one day.”

There are 100,000 Druze in Israel. Mughar’s population includes 10,000 Druze, 5,000 Christians, and 5,000 Muslims. The Druze sect departed from Islam in the 11th century when Imam Hakim declared the caliph al-Hakim to be an incarnation of God. Nearly all the Christians in the region are Orthodox or Catholic.

Since that meeting, Hamzeh bin Ali, a previously unknown radical group, told Christians to leave Mughar or face attack. The Hamzeh bin Ali group also demanded that Christians post white flags on their homes, according to one Christian leader. “All the Christians are in danger, maybe the priest more,” this leader told Christianity Today.

Some Israelis compared the February attack to the nightmarish pogrom, Kristallnacht, during which Nazis targeted German Jews for violence in 1938. “There is only one name for events of this nature,” Knesset member Amram Mitzna wrote in a newspaper commentary, “one that is well known to every Jew—pogrom.”

Lives and Livelihood at Risk

It all started with a spat between teenage boys—one Druze and one Christian. After the dispute, the Druze youth accused the Christian of posting pornographic pictures of Druze women on the internet. Mughar Christians say the phony story spread like wildfire, as did anger among the Druze. That night, Mughar’s streets filled with young Druze wielding Molotov cocktails and iron bars, and the attacks began.

The next two nights, Druze from nearby villages also took part. Finally, Israel mobilized a massive police response, which quickly ended the pogrom. In mid-February, Israeli investigators took a Druze youth into custody as a suspect in connection with the assaults.

Maher Abboud, priest of Mughar’s St. George’s Greek Catholic Church, said only three police officers were on hand the first day of the attack. The second day there were 30 police. “But what can 30 police do when more than 1,000 people are attacking?” Abboud asked. “We hoped on Friday the police forces would be increased. But police didn’t interfere.” A few Christians say the local Druze police themselves joined the violence.

Abboud said 53 businesses and 74 homes were damaged or destroyed and 151 cars set on fire. Police report that 11 people, including 3 officers, were injured during the rioting. At least one Druze marauder was shot in the leg and at least one Christian suffered broken legs. About three-quarters of Christian children have stopped attending school since the attacks ended for fear of more violence. Mughar’s Christians say authorities confiscated weapons found on Druze students in Mughar’s junior high and high schools.

Abboud, who has served Mughar for 27 years, said that “angry is the smallest word that you can say” for how he feels about what happened.

Druze unleashed attacks on Mughar’s Christians in 1981, though the town’s priest and other Christians say the recent attacks were far more damaging than those 24 years ago. Other Galilean towns have suffered attacks in recent decades, though Christians here say the February raid on Mughar has been among the most serious.

Some victims believe envy was a motivating factor. Mughar’s Christians, among the town’s wealthier citizens, are successful in business. “The Druze just wanted an excuse to attack,” said Yaub, who asked that his real name not be used. His family owns a restaurant now littered with glass shards and destroyed appliances. During the attacks, Yaub heard the gangs converge on his shop. He and others said they saw hundreds of attackers fill the streets. Fearing for his life, he ran upstairs and hid. Marauders smashed his shop’s new refrigerators and damaged a new oven. Two-week-old cake icing covers the plastic top of the cash register. Its empty cash drawer and base lie upside down on the floor. Unlike other Christian businesses throughout Mughar, however, the restaurant was not burned because Yaub’s Druze neighbor tossed out a Molotov cocktail the attackers had hurled into his shop. Fire gutted at least three shops on his block.

Yaub said that the oven alone cost the equivalent of $22,000. Any insurance that he or others may have had will probably not cover the damages caused by violence. Total damage to his shop was more than $100,000.

“I saw my own death with my own eyes,” Yaub said. Even though he’s afraid of more attacks, he’s determined to rebuild. “We’re going to fix this and reopen. I’m going to stay here.”

Looking for Peace

Other Christians have decided that staying to rebuild poses too much danger. One family on a street marked with fire-ravaged homes was removing belongings from their dwelling at the end of February.

A woman who introduced herself as Claudia, arms full of kitchen goods, stood beneath the blackened stairway of her parents’ torched apartment. Claudia cried as she moved her parents to Ramah, the town where she lives. But as the family’s van drove away to Ramah with an armoire strapped to its roof, human-rights lawyer Botrus Mansour of Nazareth told CT that Druze unleashed a longer though less destructive pogrom against Christians in Ramah two years ago.

St. George’s Abboud said Druze leaders are not always able to stop violence once it starts. “Even the Druze sheiks have suffered for what happened,” Abboud said. “They don’t have control. Even the big chief of the Druze has been here. They are doing their best.”

Christians want to dwell peacefully with their neighbors. “We aren’t looking for separation,” the priest said. “We’re looking to live together. Christians can’t live in a ghetto. Christians have to live in the world as a testimony of the love of God. This is what our parish has done.”

Abboud said church attendance has been sparse because people fear leaving their homes. “I’d like to ask Christian people around the world to think about their brothers in the Holy Land and to pray for them and to know there’s the remnant of Israel still living here.”

Attorney Mansour agreed with the town priest. “If the Christian world wants there to be Christians in the Holy Land, they should be aware of what’s going on and put pressure on the Israeli government.

“We’re supposed to be citizens in this country, and we pay taxes. This country should protect its citizens whatever their religion is—especially Arab Christians because we have no power. We’re a minority inside a minority. We are peaceful, very good citizens.”

Deann Alford, a journalist with Compass Direct News, is based in Austin, Texas.

Copyright © 2005 Christianity Today. Click for reprint information.

Related Elsewhere:

Photos of the destruction in Maghar are available on a site at the ImageCave hosting service.

News about the attacks elsewhere includes:

Priest laments Druze attack | Mob destroys homes of 34 Melkite Catholics (The Catholic Voice, Oakland, Ca., March 7, 2005)

Christians in Israeli town trickle back to school after Druze attacks | Druze conciliatory after riots sparked by baseless rumor (Ecumenical News International, March 21, 2005)

More Persecution and Israel/Palestine news is available from our website.

Books

Jesus’ Guide to Spiritual Formation

The Lord’s modified creed was key for disciples’ growth, author says.

Scot McKnight’s The Jesus Creed: Loving God, Loving Others (Paraclete, 2004) shows how an ancient Jewish prayer, the Shema, encouraged early Christians to emphasize love—and how it can form us spiritually today. A professor of religious studies at North Park University, McKnight complements his study of first-century Christian/Jewish practices with stories from history and his life. Joseph B. Modica, chaplain at Eastern University, interviewed McKnight at a recent talk at the school.

The Jesus Creed: Loving God, Loving Others - 15th Anniversary Edition

The Jesus Creed: Loving God, Loving Others – 15th Anniversary Edition

Paraclete Press

335 pages

$7.27

How is your book different from other books on spiritual formation?

Most books emphasize the things we have to do to be better Christians, and I focus on the end of spiritual formation—namely, loving God and loving others.

This book also is more historically concerned with what formation was like in the first century for a follower of Jesus. And it is more of an organic, historical presentation of the life and teachings of Jesus to help us understand spiritual formation, rather than a theory of spiritual formation that finds proof texts.

What was Jesus’ process of spiritual formation?

Because Christians believe Jesus is the Second Person of the Trinity, there’s a sense for some that Jesus just automatically was a spiritually mature person from the beginning. This, if you read between the lines, is Docetism [the heresy that Jesus only seemed to appear in the flesh].

The Gospels teach us in Luke 2 that Jesus grew in stature and wisdom. So we can assume that Jesus as a human being grew spiritually. The first formative factor was his parents.

Joseph was a righteous man, totally committed to the Torah. Suddenly, God reveals to him that he’s going to marry a woman who’s pregnant by means of the Holy Spirit, and that he will have to learn to live in his identity before God rather than in light of the reputation he had in Jewish society.

Jesus’ mother, Mary, was also a powerful spiritual influence. We learn from the Magnificat that Mary was a profoundly spiritual person. She knew the Scriptures, she knew the hopes of Israel, and she longed for that day. So we find Jesus, who’s willing to do what God calls him to do in spite of reputation, like Joseph. We find that he lives out those values that his mother expressed in the Magnificat.

The second formative factor was the sacred rhythms of Israel. Jesus was influenced by the repetition of the Shema [Deut. 6:4-9, “Hear O Israel: The Lord our God, the Lord is one. …”], which was a common Jewish custom at that time. And he would have been influenced by the synagogue Shabbat service, the calendar of Israel, and the great acts of God in history displayed in the feasts of Israel.

What then is the Jesus Creed?

“Hear O Israel: The Lord our God, the Lord is one. Love the Lord your God … and [Lev. 19:18] love your neighbor as yourself.” Jesus likely recited this two times a day, as good Jews did. I’m asking readers to do the same—to experiment for a month or so with reciting this creed to see the subtle impact it makes on day-to-day living.

Do you have evidence that early Christians used this modified Shema in their worship or prayers?

It’s a great question, and I’m tempted to answer each time: “Much in every way.”

Whether he or his followers recited it with this addition of Leviticus 19:18, we don’t know. But the Jesus Creed is so prominent in their teachings that its substance is clearly the most important thing for Christian living. It’s unlikely that as a creedal confessing community, believing Jews would not have been repeating the Shema.

What Jesus taught in this creed shows up in three major Christian leaders. Paul says in Romans 13:8-10 that our whole obligation before God can be summarized in “Love your neighbor as yourself.” This clearly comes from Jesus; it’s just like what Jesus told the rich young ruler.

A second leader is the brother of Jesus, James, who summarizes the law as the perfect law of liberty, which is to love your neighbor as yourself. And then in John 13, the apostle John throws love right into the center of everything. In 1 John, John talks about loving one another as the great new commandment that Jesus has taught his disciples. So while none of these apostles clearly says, “This is what we recite daily,” these elements indicate that the theme of the Shema was very much at the center of their thinking.

By the time we get to the early Christian handbook on the Christian life, the Didache, and look at the first few lines, it tells us there are two ways of life: one that leads to life and one that leads to death. The one that leads to life is to love God and to love others, and this in a text emphasizing praying three times a day. We see this in the early fathers as well.

So it’s very unlikely that the followers of Jesus would not also have practiced the Jesus Creed as a form of spiritual formation because it shows up in these early Christian writings.

If Jesus intended to teach this modified Shema, why does it only appear in polemical passages [answering scribes and Pharisees], rather than in instructional settings like the Sermon on the Mount?

First, just because something is said in a “polemical” context does not mean the saying is somehow weakened. It is often in polemical settings that one’s central creedal affirmations are expressed. Thus, the Nicene Creed only came to fruition because of the Arian controversy, and the emphasis on justification by faith [alone] came to fruition because of bitter polemics with Roman Catholic theologians. Pressure frequently leads one to ground-level beliefs.

Second, there is clearly a positive dimension in Jesus’ words to the rich young ruler when he caps off the second half of the Ten Commandments by appealing to Leviticus 19:18—thus giving his positive understanding of what the commandments were really all about.

Third, the love commandment does show up in the Sermon on the Mount, namely in the Golden Rule. “Do to others what you want them to do to you” is precisely what the second half of the Jesus Creed is all about, namely, “Love others as yourself.”

Love has come to have sentimental overtones. Does using that word blunt the radical demands of Jesus’ teaching?

Love has been weakened in our culture. And U.S. culture has made tolerance the paramount form of love. It is supposedly the foundational ethic of all cultures in Western civilized pluralistic society. But tolerance is an insipid and limp form of what Jesus calls his followers to do.

So I’m asking Christians to reconsider making love the centerpiece of Christian ethics and lifestyle. I define love of God as yearning for, praying for, and working for what glorifies God, and love of others as yearning for, praying for, and working for what God wants for another person.

It is easy to practice tolerance, and very difficult to practice love.

Joseph B. Modica is chaplain at Eastern University.

Copyright © 2005 Christianity Today. Click for reprint information.

Related Elsewhere:

The Jesus Creed is available from Christianbook.com and other book retailers.

An excerpt and author information are available from the publisher.

Our Books & Culture Corner weekly reviews books. More reviews and interviews are available from our Book page, as well as our 2004 Book Awards page.

News

Go Figure

Recent stats Congo’s war, volunteering, and Terri Schiavo

3.8 million

$17.55

51%

Deaths attributed to the six-year conflict in the Democratic Republic of Congo. Estimate for the value of a volunteer hour. Weekly churchgoers who agreed with the federal judge’s March 22 ruling to leave Terri Schiavo’s feeding tube unattached.

76,000

$272 billion

68%

Deaths directly caused by the violence. The remaining 3,724,000 (98% of the total) are due to disease, malnutrition, and other war-related issues. Value for total hours volunteered in the United States in 2004. White evangelicals who said the President and Congress should not have involved themselves in the Schiavo case.

Sources: International Rescue Committee, Independent Sector, Gallup Poll, CBS News

Copyright © 2005 Christianity Today. Click for reprint information.

Related Elsewhere:

Sources: International Rescue Committee, Independent Sector, Gallup Poll, CBS News.

News
Wire Story

Conservative Evangelicals Say New Pope Speaks Their Moral Language

“He’s going to hold the line,” says Norm Geisler.

Christianity Today April 20, 2005

The day before Roman Catholic Cardinal Joseph Ratzinger became Pope Benedict XVI, he declared in a public Mass that a “dictatorship of relativism” threatens the absolute truth claims of the church.

That statement could easily have been made by conservative evangelical leaders in the United States. Despite theological differences, they’re cheering the choice of a pontiff who seems to speak the same moral language they do.

“Relativism, pluralism and naturalism are the three main foes of evangelicalism today and they’re the main foes of conservative Roman Catholics,” said Norman Geisler, president of Southern Evangelical Seminary in Charlotte, N.C., and co-author of Roman Catholics and Evangelicals: Agreements and Differences.

“We rejoice in the choice because he’s going to hold the line and he’s not going to allow the liberal element in the Catholic Church to reverse any of those things.”

Richard Land, president of the Southern Baptist Convention’s Ethics & Religious Liberty Commission, said Ratzinger will be an ally of U.S. religious conservatives on a litany of moral issues such as abortion, gay rights, cloning and physician-assisted suicide.

“This is a reaffirmation of … Pope John Paul II’s policies in all those areas,” said Land, who described Ratzinger as “a known quantity.”

The Southern Baptist leader said he isn’t bothered “in the least” by Ratzinger’s writing in the 2000 document Dominus Iesus, which calls non-Catholic churches “gravely deficient” and says Catholics alone have the “fullness of the means of salvation.” That document was prepared by the Vatican Congregation of the Doctrine of the Faith, which Ratzinger headed.

“His views have no authority over us and I realize that it’s an official opinion in Catholicism, but for us, it’s just one guy’s idea,” Land said.

“I can disagree with that theological statement and I can at the same time work with them as I would with people of other denominations on issues where we find common cause, like fighting the culture of death and fighting for the culture of life.”

Prison Fellowship Founder Chuck Colson, an original participant in the 1994 “Evangelicals and Catholics Together” document, which aimed to foster cooperation between the two groups, hailed Ratzinger’s election as “a great choice.”

“The College of Cardinals has opted for orthodoxy over geopolitical considerations,” said Colson in a statement. “Cardinal Ratzinger is strong, solid, and will carry on the tradition of John Paul II. That is very good news indeed for Catholics, for all Christians and for the world.”

John Witvliet, director of the Calvin Institute of Christian Worship at Calvin College in Grand Rapids, Mich., said the choice of the new pope is likely to hearten those still involved in the “Evangelicals and Catholics Together” movement as well as evangelical opponents to abortion and euthanasia. But he said his writings on Christ also will appeal to those outside the Catholic world.

“The vast majority of his writings are about the person and nature of Jesus, the beauty of God, and the nature of the church as source of healing and mission in the world,” he said in a statement. “Those, of course, are all topics that resonate not just with Catholics, but with Protestants as well.”

Copyright © 2005 Christianity Today. Click for reprint information.

Related Elsewhere:

Cardinal Joseph Ratzinger, a German, Is Pope Benedict XVI | “Simple and humble worker” had served as head of the Vatican office on church doctrine.

Speaking Out
Upright But No Panzer Pope | Why he was chosen—and why he’s no narrow-minded blockhead. By Uwe Siemon-Netto

From ‘Erstwhile Liberal’ to ‘Vatican Enforcer | A review of John Allen’s Cardinal Ratzinger: The Vatican’s Enforcer of the Faith.

Earlier articles on Cardinal Ratzinger and Pope John Paul II include:

The New Pope’s Relationship with Protestants | In this 1998 Christianity Today article, Richard John Neuhaus examined Joseph Ratzinger’s dialogue with the Reformation traditions and his vision for Christianity in the new millennium. (May 18, 1998)

The Pope We Never Knew | The unknown story of how John Paul II ushered Campus Crusade into Catholic Poland. (April 19,2005)

Pope’s Funeral Spotlights Kinship Between Catholics and Evangelicals | Once antagonistic communities are now on the same side of several cultural issues. (March 08, 2005)

Christian History Corner: Signs of the Reformation’s Success? | Reformation scholar Timothy George discusses Pope John Paul II’s historical significance and this ‘momentous’ era of Catholic-evangelical dialogue. (March 08, 2005)

Pope Gave Evangelicals the Moral Impetus We Didn’t Have | Timothy George discusses how “the greatest pope since the Reformation” changed evangelicalism without us knowing. (April 06, 2005)

Pope ‘Broadened the Way’ for Evangelicals and Catholics | Theologian Tom Oden sees continued cooperation ahead. (April 05, 2005)

How the Pope Turned Me Into An Evangelical | A Christianity Today associate editor recalls growing up Catholic in John Paul II’s Poland. (April 04, 2005)

Pope John Paul II and Evangelicals | Protestants admired his lifelong admonition to “Be not afraid! Open the doors to Christ!” An interview with George Weigel. (April 04, 2005)

A collection of earlier coverage of Pope John Paul II is available online.

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